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They focused on phosphorylase, an enzyme that exists in active and inactive forms, but at the time it was not known how or why those forms were different.

The crystal structure of a phosphorylase kinase peptide substrate complex: kinase substrate recognition.

AGPase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase; F16BP, fructose-1,6-biphosphatase; HexK, hexokinase; INV, invertase; PFK, phosphofructokinase; PFPP, pyrophosphate-fructose-6-phosphate-1-phosphotransferase; PGI, phosphoglucose isomerase; PGM, phosphoglucomutase; SBE, starch branching enzyme; SP, starch phosphorylase; SPP, sucrose phosphate phosphatase; SS, starch synthase; SuSy, sucrose synthase; SUPS, sucrose phosphate synthase; UDP-GPP, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase.

AGPase, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase; F16BP, fructose-1,6-biphosphatase; HexK, hexokinase; INV, invertase; PFK, phosphofructokinase; PFPP, pyrophosphate-fructose-6-phosphate-1-phosphotransferase; PGI, phosphoglucose isomerase; PGM, phosphoglucomutase; SBE, starch branching enzyme; SP, starch phosphorylase; SPP, sucrose phosphate phosphatase; SS, starch synthase; SuSy, sucrose synthase; SUPS, sucrose phosphate synthase; UDP-GPP, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase.

By contrast, in leaves, carbon-fixation-specific genes such as plastidic aldolase, fructose-1,6-biphosphatase and distinct leaf isoforms of starch synthase, starch branching enzyme, starch phosphorylase and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase were upregulated.