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In some places, the average location where tropical cyclones reach their peak intensity has shifted poleward - for example the western North Pacific, external.

For example, climate warming is enabling aquatic and terrestrial invasive alien species to establish and spread poleward, including into the Arctic and Antarctic regions.

The populations affected most are those living on the northern poleward edges of their species' range.

Their analysis revealed that extremely fast poleward shifting species, defined as upward of 17 kilometres per year, show marked declines in population, compared to negligible increases in populations that did not shift.

As the ocean warms, marine species often travel poleward in search of suitable habitats and food.