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Currently, scientists "don't know exactly why poor sleep seems to increase vulnerability to things like depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder," he says.

His barrister Alisdair Williamson KC told the Court of Appeal that it should consider fresh evidence that his client suffered from complex post-traumatic stress disorder and ADHD.

When Rafa arrived in October 2023, he was suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, respiratory problems caused by allergies, nightmares and insomnia, according to a psychological evaluation written by his therapist at the orphanage.

“There could be significant benefits to finding a psychologist based in the U.S. specializing in severe pediatric post-traumatic stress disorder, which is a specialty that’s not available where he currently lives.”

On Thursday, Alisdair Williamson KC, for Yaxley-Lennon, told the High Court his client had a complex form of post-traumatic stress disorder, exacerbated by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.