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It’s a contract structure that works for all involved parties: The Dodgers get to reduce the hit against their luxury tax payroll, while players preserve the present value of their deals.

The $855 billion figure represents the present value of mangroves' flood protection services, i.e., the benefits of this natural infrastructure over the next 100 years.

As the historian William N. Goetzmann has written, the related idea of net present value "is the most important tool in modern finance."

In response to a question about how the two companies came up with a value for Step Up’s profit interests, Lipka said it was based on “an aggregate present value” and referred further questions to his attorneys.

According to the researchers, the present value of ecosystem services must therefore be set much higher in today's cost-benefit analyses, to more than 130 percent if just including the rise of income.