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Despite gaining international recognition for its reforestation efforts in the fight against climate change, the reserve is under pressure from illegal loggers, land grabbers, and quarrying companies.

The slow reforestation of areas that were clear-cut for industry and agriculture many decades ago is creating new habitat for insects.

Other biomass efforts require less technology, such as reforestation — planting millions or more trees — and they’re also simple to deploy.

For forest managers and organizations leading reforestation efforts, the findings offer some practical advice: "We need to consider nutrient limitation when we're reforesting," said Batterman.

“The project is already a success. They are free,” said Maria de Lourdes Oliveira, whose family leased part of their land for reforestation.