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The raid targeted dams in the Ruhr Valley in Germany's industrial heartland, releasing huge quantities of water into areas used by Germany for war production.

Several cities and countries had expressed an interest in hosting the Games, including Indonesia, Budapest, China, Doha and Germany's Ruhr Valley.

Accordingly, he depicts the Möhnekatastrophe, the cataclysmic flood that swept through the Ruhr Valley after the attacks, as an integral part of the Chastise story.

Together, they helped feed the Ruhr Valley’s hungry steel mills until imports of cheaper, foreign coal made Germany’s “black gold” lose its sheen.

He has been following a cohort of older women in the Ruhr Valley, an urban region of Germany, who are exposed to road-traffic pollution at levels similar to those in countless other communities worldwide.