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In the spring and fall, it is released from seed plants, and flies through the wind to fertilize other plants.

Despite ferns' unique physiology and their relationship to seed plants, however, these strange genomes have been largely neglected by researchers.

Their roles in the fern are unclear, but seven of these genes are active in leaves where spores are produced, suggesting they play a role in reproduction in ferns as well as in seed plants.

Those big seed plants with their stout trunks, big leaves and pretty flowers have a little problem when they don’t get watered enough, a problem with which any houseplant owner is familiar: they die.

Her paints come from mustard seed plants outside her door boiled to a tarlike thickness.