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The findings also have implications for disorders involving dopamine and serotonin dysfunction, such as addiction, where dopaminergic hypersensitivity and serotonergic deficits contribute to compulsive reward-seeking -- and in mood disorders including depression and anxiety, where diminished serotonin signaling might impair behavioral flexibility and long-term planning.

“It is established that serotonergic psychedelics have immunomodulator and anti-inflammatory properties,” Kelly said.

It points to fascinating directions for future research into the effects of serotonergic psychedelics on the gut.

“It is important to consider the different durations of treatment between SSRIs or tryptophan supplementation and the serotonergic psychedelics,” Kelly explains.

“So we know that serotonergic hallucinogens can create a very, very intense and powerful psychological experience. When you're taxing the body, it can possibly even be detrimental to patients, if in fact, they're having a fearful experience. They're not adequately prepared. They don't have a provider to walk them through some of the bigger questions that can result after these experiences that can create ongoing stress. These are all really, really critical.”