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From lead-acid battery smelters to rocket testing facilities, heavy industry over the past century in California has left large swathes of land imbued with dangerous chemicals.

He also suggested that Russia and the US could collaborate on aluminium production in Krasnoyarsk, in Siberia, where one Russian aluminium maker, Rusal, has its largest smelters.

Apple said that in 2023 it removed 14 "smelters and refiners" that would not participate or did not meet the requirements for responsible sourcing.

The kiln stopped feeding the smelters in Everett sometime in the early 1930s, but the ruins of the 20-foot structure remain.

However, the smelter used to make the aluminum initially will be powered by newly built coal-fired plants.