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A recently published study of bird traits offered Baldwin and his PhD co-advisor Jonathan Myers, a professor of biology in Arts & Sciences, an opportunity to examine one potentially important and species-specific factor: bird wing shape.

These samples were then genetically tested using a species-specific marker called a DNA barcode.

"The structure, metabolism and interaction of maternal and fetal tissue are unique and species-specific."

The team found that, compared to the X chromosome, the Y chromosome varies greatly across ape species and harbors many species-specific sequences.

All four species use very similar pheromones, but mix them in a species-specific way.