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Over time, IUDs were tweaked and refined, notably with the introduction of copper, which acts as a spermicide.

Furthermore, spermicide can erode the cell membranes of the vaginal wall, according to the World Health Organization, which could make frequent users more prone to contracting a sexually transmitted disease or infection.

"She put the cap into a tin box and gave me a tube of the spermicide and said to come back if there were any difficulties."

Also, the use of anabolic steroids for bodybuilding will lower spermicide counts dramatically.

"It's important that you don't use spermicide or lots of lubricants in the 24 hours before the test, because it can interfere with the test itself," says Dr Kaye.