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Perigynium obconic or obovoid, squarrose in exceedingly dense short spikes.—Sp.

Perigynium densely hairy 84 Spike staminate at base; perigynia squarrose 21 Spike staminate at top.—

Stigmas 2 34–38, 79 Stigmas 3; spikes erect, Short and squarrose 20, 21 Not squarrose 22, 30, 32, 46, 47, 54, 79 Stigmas 3; spikes more or less drooping 31, 51–53, 55–57 Terminal spike or spikes staminate.

Leaves spatulate- to linear-oblong; involucre squarrose; achenes not toothed; pappus-awns 2 or 3.—Prairies,

Smooth and glabrous, usually glaucous; scales coriaceous at base; leaves firm, usually entire 25–30 Hoary-pubescent or hirsute; scales squarrose; stem-leaves small, linear, entire 31, 32 Scales closely imbricated, not coriaceous at base; branches divaricate; heads many, small 33–35 Remaining species; branches erect or ascending.