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Red dwarfs are prodigious emitters of stellar wind, a mixture of electrons and other charged particles.

That ring-shaped cloud of gas was then buffeted by the stream of high-speed charged particles coming off the blue giant, known as a stellar wind.

The outermost matter of the planet becomes ensnared by the stellar wind and is accelerated into space, eventually reaching speeds of 50,000 miles per hour.

“The only way to get the tail is if you have an excessive stellar wind that reshapes and sculpts it, basically like a comet.”

For isolated brown dwarfs like W1935, the absence of a stellar wind to contribute to the auroral process and explain the extra energy in the upper atmosphere required for the methane emission is a mystery.