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The benefit of electrons following closed orbits within a confined space is that the subatomic particle's property would be better preserved as it moves from one point to another, according to Velasco.

Under two gargantuan domes of thick concrete and steel that rise along California’s rugged Central Coast, subatomic particles slam into uranium, triggering one of the most energetic reactions on Earth.

In 2012, Voyager 1 became the first human-made object to pass the heliopause frontier, where the fierce solar wind of subatomic particles yields to the force of other suns.

These QFTs, with their simplified space-time symmetry, serve as a laboratory environment, as they resemble real physical systems of subatomic particles but have certain mathematical properties that facilitate calculations.

It's what "glues" quarks together to make up other subatomic particles, such as protons or neutrons.