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Tubes were put on the magnet until the supernatant ran clear so that it could be removed and discarded.

The detection limit in the plaque assay is 10 p.f.u. ml−1 in cell supernatant, and 100 p.f.u. ml−1 in serum.

After lysis, the lysate was centrifuged at 13,200 r.p.m. for 15 min, the supernatant was transferred to fresh tubes, and a second round of centrifugation was performed.

Equal volumes of the input, pellet and post-centrifugation supernatant fractions were then analysed by western blot, as described above.

Cells were cultured in HMM for 24 h, and the supernatant was collected for analysis.