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Low pressure was the most common source of pain reports, said David Schultz, a professor of synoptic meteorology at the University of Manchester and lead author of the new paper.

Alfredo Silveira, an associate professor of synoptic meteorology at Rio’s Federal University, said the size of the surge was within the predictable patterns of wave behaviour rather than the result of climate change.

"They look like rainbows, and in some sense they are similar, but the crucial difference is that rainbows are produced by the bending of light and separation of the colours through raindrops falling out of clouds," explains Dr David Schultz, chair of synoptic meteorology at the University of Manchester.

“Poor wording combined with misunderstanding of the term make a mockery out of synoptic meteorology.”