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Cal Fire’s model instead accounts for the vegetation type, topology, climate and weather for wildland areas to calculate the probability of an area burning and the likely intensity of the blaze.

These principles are governed by the nuanced interplay of stitch patterns, geometry, and yarn topology -- the undercrossings or overcrossings in a knot or stitch.

"Qin and I showed that using topology," Palmerduca said, "we can modify Wigner's classification for massless particles, giving a description of photons that works in all directions at the same time."

COFs are a new class of porous, crystalline, purely organic materials with defined topology.

That kept the values random -- but random within limits given by constraints of the network topology.