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In Russian literature he perceived a foreshadowing of the doom of Tzardom and imminent catastrophe.

Despotic Tzardom, whose ignorance of Jewish life was only equalled by its hostility to it, lifted its hand to strike not merely at the obsolete forms but also at the sound historic foundations of Judaism.

The account of Alexander III.'s reign is introduced in the Russian original by a general characterization of the anti-Jewish policies of Russian Tzardom.

But a few passages from it, written in the characteristic style of Mr. Dubnow, may find a place here: Russian Tzardom began its consistent role as a persecutor of the Eternal People when it received, by way of bequest, the vast Jewish population of disintegrated Poland.

There was yet one domain in which the squeezing and pressing power of Tzardom could fully employ its destructive energy.