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Much like trying to stuff a large head of broccoli down the disposal, misfolded proteins with ubiquitin tags don't fit into the proteasome.

Zinc is essential forRpn11 to catalyze the removal of ubiquitin.

E3 is an enzyme that transfers the ubiquitin molecule to the target protein, which essentially flags the protein for a proteosome to digest it.

On the other hand, a DUB enzyme removes the ubiquitin tag from a protein, thereby preventing the protein from being recognized and degraded by a proteosome.

"Normally, PINK1 and Parkin work together to mark damaged mitochondria for removal by adding a chain of molecules called ubiquitin. This mark allows proteins called autophagy adaptors to associate with the mitochondria and bring in the autophagy machinery for autophagosome development."