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The World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer says alcohol is a Group 1 carcinogen, putting it in the company of tobacco, asbestos and ultraviolet radiation.

In particular, they let in light within the blue and red ranges -- the optimal wavelengths for photosynthesis -- but appear to block ultraviolet radiation from penetrating into their shells where it might otherwise damage their DNA.

These traits make people particularly susceptible to melanoma, as their skin offers less protection against harmful ultraviolet radiation.

They then exposed the removed microbes to ultraviolet radiation, completing the disinfection.

The findings raise questions about the pace of the recovery of the ozone layer, which shields Earth from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.