51�Թ�

Ur- is a combining form used like a prefix that has two unrelated senses.

The first is “urine.” It is used occasionally in medical terms, especially in pathology. In some rare instances, like urate, ur- specifically denotes uric acid, a compound found in urine. This ur- comes from Greek ��û���Dz�, meaning “urine.” Other combining forms that mean “urine,” such as urino- and urin-, come from the Latin for “urine,” ū��ī��(��).

The second is “earliest” or “original.” It is frequently used or appendaged to a wide variety of terms. In some instances, it is stylized with a hyphen after the form, as in ur-fascism. Because the German language capitalizes nouns, the combining form ur- sometimes appears as Ur-, as in Urheimat. This ur- comes from Old High German ur-, meaning “thoroughly.”

Despite popular misconception, the name Uranus, a planet named for a Roman god, does not use the combining form ur- to mean “urine” or “earliest.” Discover more about the origins of this name at our entry for Uranus. The chemical compound uranium is also named after this figure from Greco-Roman mythology.

What are variants of ur-?

The “urine” sense of ur- are variants of uro-, which loses its -o- when combined with words or word elements beginning with vowels. Want to know more? Read our 51�Թ�s That Use uro- article.

Note that uro- can also mean “tail.” It is occasionally used in scientific terms, especially in anatomy and zoology. This uro- ultimately comes from Greek �dzܰ�á, meaning “tail.”

One example of a medical term that features the combining form ur- is uremia, “a condition resulting from the retention in the blood of constituents normally excreted in the urine.”

Ur- typically means “urine” in medical terms, while -emia denotes a blood condition; this latter form derives from Greek ��î����, meaning “blood.” Uremia literally means “urine (in the) blood.”

What are some words that use the combining form ur-?

• uracil
• uremic
• uresis
• uric
• urodynia
• urosis

What are some other forms that ur- may be commonly confused with?

• ortho-
• urano-
• urico-
• utero-

51�Թ�s that begin ure- do not always use ur- as a combining form to mean “urine.” Frequently, it is an abbreviation of urea, a chemical compound that occurs in urine. Find out more at our entry for urease.

Break it down!

The suffix -esis is used to denote an action or process. With this in mind, what is uresis?

One example of a term you may have encountered that features the combining form ur- to mean “original,” is urtext, “the original form of a text, especially of a musical composition.”

In this term, ur- means “original,” and, as you probably guessed, -text means “text.” Urtext literally translates to “original text.” A well-known example of an urtext is Ur-Hamlet, which is the title retroactively given to a lost urtext that may have influenced William Shakespeare’s Hamlet and Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy.

What are some words that use the combining form ur-?

• ur-origin
• ur-stock
• urform
• urlanguage

What are some other forms that ur- may be commonly confused with?

• ortho-
• urano-
• urico-
• utero-

Not every word that begins with the exact letters ur-, such as urge or ursine, is necessarily using the combining forming ur- to denote “original.” Learn why ursine means “bearlike” at our entry for the word.

Break it down!

Researchers and anthropologists have long searched for the ur-language of human civilization. Keeping in mind the meaning of ur-, what is the ur-language?