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Hydrogen is a promising source of energy that produces water vapor instead of carbon dioxide as its byproduct, which proponents say could be used to power hard-to-decarbonize industries such as steel production, manufacturing and transportation.

Depending on the type of rocket fuel used, launches produce nitrogen oxides, chlorine, black carbon particles, water vapor, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide — and no propellant avoids creating of some kind of emissions.

To learn this, scientists at the University of Arkansas recreated the arid conditions which exist on Mars, in particular the average temperature of −70 °C and very low water vapor content.

Some scientists like Dr. Kevin Trenberth, a distinguished scholar at the National Center for Atmospheric Research, say that Hansen neglected to focus on one of the major variables contributing to climate change: water vapor.

Atmospheric river storms are long plumes of water vapor that can pour over from the Pacific Ocean into California.