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A scientific team from the University of Delaware investigated how E. coli, Salmonella and Listeria interacted with stomates on lettuce and spinach.

The second stratagem is to close the microscopic pores — stomates — found mostly on the undersides of the leaves.

Plants take in carbon dioxide, which they need to survive, through tiny pores in their leaves called stomates.

What they found was UD1022 had somehow caused the treated plants to close their stomates, the tiny openings on the leaf surface through which plants breathe and give off water vapor.

It is diffused through the air, and, entering the leaves by the stomates, comes in contact with other food elements in the palisade cells.